Checkpoint †Business Organization Essay

July 22, 1975, Bill Gates writes a letter to Paul Allen using the name, â€Å"Micro-soft† referring the their 60/40 partnership. Their main product is BASIC. Gates and Allen worked day and night to create the first version of Microsoft Basic, a simple computer software. They realize that the future of personal computers is in the software. The Computer Mart opens on Madison Avenue in New York. Zilog Z-80 chip is introduced. They have 3 employees including themselves and the revenue is $16,000. July 1, 1976, Microsoft refines and enhances BASIC to sell to other customers including DTC, General Electric, NCR, and Citibank. Microsoft develops its first ad campaign called, â€Å"The legend of Micro-Kid.† The partnership is moving right along and gates announces that he would like nothing more than to hire 10 programmers and fill the hobby market with good software. February 3, 1977,A partnership agreement between Paul Allen and Bill Gates is officially executed. Their main product is still BASIC. In November of 1977 the company is free to market BASIC to others. Within months, Microsoft licenses BASIC for the Commodore PET and TRS-80 computers, and begins negotiating with other companies. BASIC product. Bill Gates and Paul Allen shared the title of general partner until 1977, when Bill Gates became president and Paul Allen vice president of Microsoft Corp. January 1, Microsoft moves its offices to Bellevue, Washington from Albuquerque, New Mexico. After moving to Bellevue, Microsoft continues to grow in employees, sales, and vision. Microsoft has a BASIC compiler for virtually every microcomputer on the market. However, the company recognizes that languages are only a part of the picture, which is why Microsoft makes its first foray into the mass-market possibilities of personal computers by forming the Consumer Products Division, created to develop and market retail products and to  provide support for individual users. Microsoft expands its market to the European market with the addition of Vector Microsoft. Vector International signs on to represent Microsoft in the European market. Microsoft begins extending its network worldwide to computer manufacturers; they begin using Microsoft hardware and software for  2  the computers they produce. Microsoft has already established contracts with ICL, Phillips, R2E, and several other OEMs. The arrival of the 16-bit IBM personal computer in 1981 set in motion the new era of computing, the personal computer. Within a few years, the industry would come together around two primary operating systems: Microsoft MS-DOS and the Apple Macintosh. On June 25, 1981 Microsoft reorganizes into a privately held corporation with Bill Gates as President and Chairman of the Board, and Paul Allen as Executive Vice President. Microsoft becomes Microsoft, Inc., an incorporated business in the State of Washington. On June 25, 1982, James Towne, 39, was appointed president and chief operating officer of Microsoft (July 6 1982 — June 20 1983). In July, Towne took over all operating responsibilities from Bill Gates. Previously, Towne had been vice president and general manager of the instrument division at Tektronix Inc. ebruary 18, 1983 Paul Allen resigns as Microsoft’s Executive Vice Pr esident, but remains on the Board of Directors. June 20, 1983. James Towne resignes as COO  August 1, 1983 Microsoft announces that Jon Shirley, 45, has joined Microsoft as President and Chief Operating Officer and will be on the board from August 1, to June 30,. He is replacing James Towne. Shirley was previously with the Tandy Corporation. In August 1983, Jon Shirley, 45, joined Microsoft as president, chief operating officer, and director. During all these changes Microsoft unveils windows an operating platform that we are all familiar with and use to this day. August 12, Microsoft celebrates its 10th anniversary with sales figures for the fiscal year of 1985 of $140 million. The company has 900 employees and a diverse product line including industry standards like operating systems, languages, business software, hardware, and computer â€Å"how-to† books. September 3, Microsoft announcesv  that it has selected the Republic of Ireland as the site of its first productio n facility outside the U.S. The Ireland facility, located at Sandyford, County Dublin, will be a Duplication and Distribution Center for Microsoft software products to be sold in the European market. On March 13,1986,motivated by a desire to provide value to an increasing number of employee shareholders, Microsoft stock goes public at $21.00 per share, rising to $28.00 per share by the end of the first trading day. Initial public offering raises $61 million. December31, Microsoft announces that, at the end of 1986, Microsoft employees’ number 1,442. 1,162 are employed domestically, and 280 are employed internationally.

I wonder if Princeton should be poorer Essay

â€Å"l wonder if Princeton should be poorer. † BY akp1993 If you’re a high school senior trying to seduce the admissions officer reading your application essay, this may not strike you as the ideal opening line. But Shanti Kumar, a senior at the Bronx High School of Science, went ahead anyway when the university prompted her to react in writing to the idea of â€Å"Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations. † Back in January, when I asked high school seniors to send in college application essays about money, class, working and the economy, I wasn’t sure what, if anything, ould come in over the transom. But 66 students submitted essays, and with the help of Harry Bauld, the author of â€Å"On Writing the College Application Essay,† we’ve selected four to publish in full online and in part in this column. That allowed us to be slightly more selective than Princeton itself was last year. What these four writers have in common is an appetite for risk. Not only did they talk openly about issues that are emotionally complex and often outright taboo, but they took brave and counterintuitive positions on class, national identity and the application process itself. For anyone looking to inspire their own children or grandchildren who are seeking to go to college in the fall of 2014, these four essays would be a good place to start. Perhaps the most daring essay of all came from Julian Cranberg, a 17-year-old from Brookline, Mass. One of the first rules of the college admissions process is that you don’t write about the college admissions process. But Mr. Cranberg thumbed his nose at that convention, taking on the tremendous cost of the piles of mail schools send to potential students, and the waste that results from the effort. He figured that he received at least $200 worth of pitches in the past year or so. â€Å"Why, in an era of record-high student loan debt and unemployment, are colleges not reallocating these ludicrous funds to aid their own students instead of extending their arms far and wide to students they have never met? † he asked in the essay. Antioch College seemed to think that was a perfectly reasonable question and accepted him, though he will attend Oberlin College instead, to which he did not submit the essay. â€Å"It’s a bold move to critique the very institution he was applying to,† said Mr. Bauld, who also teaches English at Horace Mann School in New York City. â€Å"But here’s somebody who knows he can make it work with intelligence and humor. † college that sent him a DHL â€Å"priority’ envelope, noting inside that he was a priority to the college. â€Å"The humor here is not in the Jokes,† Mr. Bauld added. â€Å"It originates in a critical habit of mind, and the kind of mind that is in this essay is going to play out extremely well in any class that he’s in. † Admissions professionals often warn people not to think that they can write their way into the freshman class. The essay is one document that, even in the best of circumstances, is written by an individual telling one story,† said Shawn Abbott, the assistant vice president for undergraduate admissions at New York University. â€Å"l don’t believe that any one writing sample should trump what they did over four years. † Still, he acknowledged that his staff had been taken with the story told by Lyle L’, a 19-year-old Brooklyn resident who applied this year. He wrote about his familys restaurant and his mother, an immigrant from China who once wanted to be a doctor and now works behind a cash register. When I visit my friends, I see the names of elite institutions adorning the living room walls,† wrote Mr. Li, a senior at Regis High School in Manhattan. â€Å"l am conscious that these framed diplomas are testaments to the hard work and accomplishments of my friends’ parents and siblings. Nevertheless, the sight of them was an irritating reminder of the disparity between our households. I was not the upper-middle-class kid on Park Avenue. Truth be told, I am Just some kid from Brooklyn. Instead of diplomas and accolades, my parents’ room emits a smell from the restaurant uniforms they wear seven days a week, all year round. â€Å"

Benefit Analysis in Project Management †Free Samples to Students

Allsports Sports Club is a place where many outdoor games like cricket, football and even athletics are conducted along with some indoor games like table tennis and others. The club is very much popular in the vicinity. There are many thousand members of the club who es to play these games on daily basis. A weekly newsletter is being released here on every Wednesday with articles on sports and few advertisement of outside business. The hitch is the release of this newsletter which is being supervised by Club President. The main objective of the report is to solve few technical and operational issues being faced by Club president on daily life to release the newsletter on timely basis. For which the owner has awarded us the contract to provide the solution. For the releasing of newsletter on every Wednesday, it is the duty of editor to collect and publish the articles based on the sports activities happened till last Saturday and moreover every week the editor need to change and every member need to be given equal opportunity of b ing the editor. But it remains the responsibility of Club president to see that all the members are getting equal chance. President is having only the word and spreadsheet as the software to manage the information related to many thousand members. President had to face many issues on daily basis to manage such big database. Few issues are listed below: So maintaining these information in spreadsheet needs vigorous and accurate filtering and maintain such dynamic information where every day the activities or the database need to be updated then only the next course of action can be finalised. So in such dynamic situation where daily there are ments and the whole system requirements changes accordingly the only methodology which fits in this situation is the Agile methodology of developing the system. The selected method that is Agile methodology for developing the information system of Allsports Sports Club is the best approach because it is a people centric project where every moment some ments need to be updated an again modify the system to generate the desired result (McLaughlin, 2017). So the merits of this methodology can be used with for below betterment of the system are: The sutomated system can be used to store an manage all the information related to thousands of stakeholders This methodology is the best option for this kind of changing conditions So Agile methodology option is the best approach to develop the desired system The primary required functions required to develop Allsports Sports Club System are: Unique registration ID is must for all users: so that the users who all are logging and for long they are logged in can be tracked, so that the exact work hours can be defined for the staffs to develop the publication. Verification of users: need to be done to prevent entry of any unwanted person in to the system and all the personal data shall remain intact. System must be accessible from all locations: so that members need not e to club physically for writing the articles and they can sit anywhere and write it, even after writing either they can upload in the system or e-mail to editor for further action. Proper functioning of the large database: is must to show desirable information. Window view wise access: is required to be provided depending on the person. The administrative access must be available with Club President to enable access to all folders. Generation of proper notification and follow-up system: is required for timely releasing of newsletter Always show pending tasks for the week: for developing the newsletter on time Highlight next week’s editor name from 1 week before itself: to help club president in municating with him well in advance Common format of newsletter: need to be maintained to save last minute run for the format arrangement The non-functional requirements for developing Allsports Sports Club System are: Secured enough: the system need to installed good quality firewalls to prevent from any probable attack and preserve the information related to users. Accessible from all devices: to provide flexibility to users and ease of developing the articles System must be well understandable: for proper optimum use of the software. As per (Wrike, 2017) the cost benefit analysis in the field of project management is a great tool which can provide information regarding the parison between the investment made Vs the benefits incurred due to the investment. In this technique, all the expenditures are calculated together and arranged in time phase manner, then similarly the profits or benefits are also calculated and tabulated (refer table 1). Then the difference between both the expenditures and the benefits can provide NPV (Net present value), IRR (Internal rate of Return), ROI (Return on Investment) and Pay-back period. The more NPV, IRR & ROI are positive and the less Pay-back period is good for the project and is advisable for investment. WBS or the Work Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical structure being developed to breakdown the total scope of work to a meaningful level which can be tracked and controlled easily and supervised (Gordon and McDonough, 2016). This tool is mainly useful for the senior management or the project sponsor to look at the progress of the project at a single sheet. So here the total scope of system development is divided in the project management processes, that is ‘Initiation’, ‘Planning’, ‘Execution’ and ‘Closing’. Then in next stage these levels are further divided in to work activity level. Now once the Gantt chart is developed, we can observe that there are merely 4 activities out of critical path, so the whole schedule is almost critical and all the activities need to be controlled properly to void any delay in the overall duration of the project. The total project duration is 3.5 months. The people who are anyways related to the project’s success or failure or can influence are known as the stakeholders of the project (Miller, 2017). Majorly the stakeholders can be sub divided in two parts; one is ‘Internal Stakeholders’ and the other ‘External Stakeholder’. The investigation techniques are required for proper tracking and confirming the process involved in the project life cycle are running well and the product shall be delivered well within time and budgeted cost. Audit of document and processes: this is the technique where the documents and the processes of projects are being checked thoroughly to find any lacunas; the audit is also scheduled at regular interval to check the system correctness and for further improvement too. This method is useful for the system development, as we are using Agile methodology and after some point of time Agile has a tendency to run out of budget if not checked at every step. Interview of individuals: it is the process of obtaining correct and unbiased information regarding the project progress or some issues. Here one to one interview is conducted with some pre- set questionnaires. It is useful for the system because the questionnaires are set by some expert in the same field and the collection of unbiased response can really help in finding any issue or the rrot cause. Discussion by organising a meeting: it is the organised official meeting being conducted between the subject experts to provide their point of view and then other can debate and after some pint of time the team of experts can reach to a mon and best consensus. It is very much useful if the participants have good exposure of the topic of discussion. The chosen methodology of the system development procedure is the real achievement of the report, as Agile can be the best fit for the type of project it is. Moreover, the investigation techniques are very strong so that each step can be verified well before providing further. Currently there is no constraint, but the budget can be constraints after some progress of the project, since Agile has a tendency to overshoot the budget due to continuous development and a clear budget cannot be finalised at very beginning of the project. It is to conclude that the schedule time and budget as o now seems to be achievable and the project is very much beneficial at this point. Gordon, Ann and Michele McDonough. 2016. What is a Work Breakdown Structure? [online]. [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Available from World Wide Web: McLaughlin, Mike. 2017. What Is Agile Methodology? [online]. [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Available from World Wide Web: Miller, Mike. 2017. Project Stakeholders: Definition, Role & Identification. [online]. [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Available from World Wide Web: Wrike. 2017. What is Cost Benefit Analysis in Project Management? [online]. [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Available from World Wide Web: End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Medical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Medical ethics - Essay Example All these will be considered in line with the Hippocratic Oath, which declares that doctors should not harm in a bid to preserve human dignity. The two medical cases considered in this study exhibit advanced level of medication, which begins with experimentation. In the case of Mario, who suffers from mental illness and having undergone over 40 medical examinations and pharmacologist practices, he is left with only one option of advanced medical experimentation. Slater (235) quotes that â€Å"He wanted a shot at the ordinary, a lawn he might mow just once a week†. This was the neural implant. From the outset, the medical implant Mario was ready to undergo appears to be risky and unethical due to the nature of the operation and the uncertainty attributed to the whole process. This tells it all that, it is an experiment whose results are unpredictable. Mario puts a tattoo of a baby on the bicep; this implies that, the experiment was too risky that the probability is almost one. If this is the case then the Hippocratic Oath that declares that the doctors should not harm the patients is contravened upon the taking place of this operation. It is ethically wrong for the humans to be used as tools for experiment. In the event that, humans are used for experimentation purposes, the aspect of sanctity of life is disrespected. In essence, the advanced medical procedures like the one Mario underwent, despite its success, undermines the ethical challenges relative to the sanctity of life. We consider the procedure for in-depth understanding. The procedure that saw Mario gain his normal psychiatric state involved drilling through the bone to make two burr holes on both sides of the skull. Then followed by the placement of the implant with a threaded precision of two 1.27 millimetre wire, through which the iridium electrodes were strung. Slater (238) quotes that â€Å"As it is impossible to use animal testing to gauge whether or not

What Does it Mean to Securitise the Environment Essay

What does it mean to securitise the environment - Essay Example The argument is that the securitization process develops issues triggering a transformation into threats and the understanding of it as security. Evidently, approaches that consider the formation of security aspects in a discursive manner provide new perspectives in analyzing environmental security discourses, as well as their transformative potential. Initially, it provides thorough investigations in the political process, the choice of threats while exploring the reasons why most of them take the consideration of relevant and urgent above others. The strategic focus of the shift from certain threats onto various collectivities, interests, and identities that deserve protection, as well as deployment means (Balzacq, 2010). In addition, environment securitization points at having an awareness of environmental challenges and the relevant roles in the definition and transformation of political communities, their identities, and interests. While the process continues to create new ideas for security, the notion has widely attracting reforms and contribution from the society. The element points out that the securitization process develops an open space for formative and constitutive struggles under â€Å"genuinely political† scopes. The political structures face consistent contests and establishments. Environmental securitization triggers the transforming and breaking of rules, which no longer has an acceptable impact. It includes practices linked to antagonistic security logical (Liotta, 2003).

Quantitative Methods and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Quantitative Methods and Analysis - Essay Example Hence it is important to select optimal level of sample size. The sample size depends on some variables or parameters which should be considered by the researchers. These four parameters are: the level of statistical power, p level, variability associated with treatment, and error variability (DMS, 2006). The first sample size calculator selected is available on the website of Raosoft (2004). This calculator calculate sample size on the basis of margin of error or confidence interval, confidence level, population size, and response distribution. For example with 10% margin of error or confidence interval, 95% confidence level, 2000 population size, and 50% response distribution the sample size according to this calculator is minimum 96 subjects. The second sample size calculator selected is available on the website of Macorr Research Solutions. This calculator calculate sample size on the basis of confidence level, confidence interval, and population. For example, if the confidence level is 95%, confidence interval is 10%, and population size is 2000 the sample size according to this calculator is 92

Nissan United Kingdom Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nissan United Kingdom Ltd - Case Study Example At the onset of the distributorship agreement, the two companies enjoyed a significantly good relationship. Nissan M.C took more time to observe and influence the operations of Datsun U.K, encouraging it to reinvest its profit. It even amended the automatic renewal clause of the distribution agreement and increased it from three years to five years. The relationship between the three main leaders, Octav Botnar of Datsun U.K., chairman Katsuji Kawamata and president Takashi Ishihara of Nissan M.C was healthy. The leadership style adopted by both Nissan U.K and Nissan M.CThe abrasive leadership style of Botnar was the mean reason behind the success of Datsun U.K. Similarly the leadership provided by Takashi Ishihara, the president of Nissan M.C was supportive. Botnar could refer any operational difficulties he faced directly to Ishihara. This provided a conducive environment for the growth of both companies. While Bonnar's leadership was aggressive, Ishihara’s management decisio n-making was purely on seniority. This meant that those with more seniority got to work in more important roles. This is another key issue evident in the study here. An establishment of a new manufacturing facility in the U.K was motivated by the strong market in the U.K. The negotiations began in early in the mid-1980s between Octav Botnar, Nissan M.C officials and the U.K minister of state. By end of 1986 operations began in Sunderland. The new stanza model was the first to be made here and by 1993 the annual turnover was 300,000 cars.

The Strategic Connotations of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Dissertation

The Strategic Connotations of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Performance and Sustainability of UK Banks - Dissertation Example This report declare that Corporate Social Responsibility has become an indispensable element amongst the current day business organizations. Over and above enhancing their operational and financial performances, it had become obligatory for the organizations to concentrate in the same way on social aspects such as, biodiversity, dearth of food and water, weather change, environmental safety, and poverty etc. This is owing to the fact that the various groups of stakeholders are keen to know how the business houses contribute to the overall society and lend a hand in the development of a sustainable planet, rather than concentrating merely on their business activities. This discusion explores that banks, amongst all the financial services organizations, have become increasingly proactive about corporate social responsibility activities owing to the pressures from the society as well as the government and other regulatory bodies. There are number of industry initiatives that endorse sustainable activities among banks, namely, Equator Principles, United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative, London Principles etc. These initiatives have been formulated to offer guiding principles and framework for banks to take up lending policies that are socially as well as environmentally sound. However, there are number of aspects that have been continuously discussed amongst researchers. These include, to what degree these initiatives have impacted the operations of the banks, what are the issues that impel the banks to pursue and take on these initiatives, whether these initiatives are only meant to guarantee long term success and improvement of bran d name and do not have much to do with participation in sustainable development. Thus, this would be appealing to evaluate how the social responsibility issues and initiatives influence the CSR activities of banks and how do these initiatives contribute to the accomplishment of the bank’s strategic goals and above all to its overall sustainable development. Research Objective The chief objective of this research is to identify the aspects of reaction of the UK based Banks to matters pertaining to sustainability by endowing with a clear comprehension of the present activities of the banking industry in terms of sustainability. To be specific, this research study would attempt to illustrate the sustainability issues that the banking industry is UK is encountering, assess the condition of the sustainable banking plans at the banking industry or organization levels of UK. The study would also evaluate the function of different stakeholders and their impact on sustainable banking in addition to assessing the impelling factors as well as the difficulties of sustainable banking in the UK banking industry. The research study wo

Portrayal of Women's Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portrayal of Women's Health - Research Paper Example The portrayal of women health issues by the media plays a role in shaping opinion and influencing medical practice around such issues. Women health issues include pregnancy, abortion, female sexual organs and even hormonal issues. Scientific publications that report on women health issues, advertisements that deal around women health issues, films, television programs among other media forms have portrayed women health issues in different ways depending on what they seek to achieve. The media coverage of women health issues has been subjective and biased, objectifying women and reporting their issues in relation to their reproductive role in the society. Â  This essay seeks to discuss the media portrayal of women health issues focusing on the historical and modern views. With the understanding of the huge role that the media plays in shaping opinions in the society and subsequently influencing the medical practice, the essay seeks to discuss the issues around how women health issues are portrayed by the media. This includes issues around women’s pregnancy, female sexual organs, abortion and related issues. The issues about the women’s health are prevalent in the media ranging from television, print media, commercials, films among other media forms. Therefore, how the health issues of women are presented is important as they influence decision making about women’s health. In interrogating the fundamental issues around the portrayal of women health issues by the media, the essay seeks to put into perspective the biases, subjectivity, and sexualization of women health issues by the media that immensely affect decis ion making on the health of a woman (Lee, 1992). The findings shall be provided as well as a brief summary conclusion. Â  

Crisis Prevention & intervention in healthcare (management of Essay

Crisis Prevention & intervention in healthcare (management of assualtive behavior) - Essay Example The meaning of crisis can be expanded by defining crisis, assaultive behavior and violence. According to Aguilera (1998, p. 12), crisis occur when a person is unable to deal with problems that do not have a way out. The unresolved problems give way to anger, emotional unrest, tension, anxiety and stagnation. Chou et al (2001, p. 139) notes that, assaultive behavior happens if the problem becomes persistent. The issues the person bears become intolerable because the coping methods and accessible resources are inadequate. Crisis is viewed as a psychological instability that result from extreme situation or condition where the resolution is not attainable by means of common remedies. Crisis is a word used to define to a situation where assaultive behavior or violence has occurred. Crisis is used to refer to assaultive behavior when it is extremely negative, unpredictable, uncontrollable and unacceptable in the society. Assaultive behavior requires an opportunity that the person in crisis can use to inflict injury or abuse another as Chou et al (2001, p. 139) mention. Violence is defined as the use of physical force with a motive to inflict injury. It is destructive, turbulent and forceful. Violence causes confusion and reveals accumulation of anger (Richter and Whittington 2006, p. 2). The word crisis, violence and assaultive behavior are used interchangeably. Assaultive behavior can occur anywhere including the hospital. Medical departments have incidents that tantamount to assaultive behavior. The incidents of assaultive behavior in medical departments are on the increase and need to be addressed. Crisis in the form of verbal abuse and physical abuse have occurred in different departments. The waiting area, mentally disturbed departments and emergency departments are common areas where abuse can occur as Salmon and Varela (2007, p. 3) note. People without any history of assaultive behavior or psychiatric condition can suddenly become

Yeast Fermentation Essay Example for Free

Yeast Fermentation Essay The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of different amounts of a substrate on the respiration rate of yeast and to compare this to the effect of different amounts of glucose on the rate of yeast respiration. The substrate which I chose to further investigate was fructose. Fructose is a fruit sugar which is one of the three, along with glucose and galactose, dietary monosaccharides that are directly absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion. Materials: 2% yeast solution Large beaker Small beaker Conical flask Thermometer (Ë™C) Glass rod pH meter data logger Hot water Sensitive digital scale (g) Fructose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Glucose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Measuring cylinder (cm3) Variables Independent: Concentration of glucose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) , concentration of fructose (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) Dependent: Amount of carbon dioxide produced, i.e. rate of yeast respiration Controlled: 2% yeast solution (20cm3), initial temperature of yeast solution (35-40Ë™C), amount of time that the reaction is measured (180 seconds) Method †¢20cm3 of yeast solution was measured using a measuring cylinder and then  poured into a conical flask. †¢1.0g of glucose was weighed on a digital balance. †¢Hot wà ¡ter was poured into a large beaker, and the conical flask containing the yeast was placed inside with a thermometre inside. †¢The conical flask was kept inside The conical flask was held like this until the 2% yeast solution reached an initial temperature between 35-40Ë™C (specific temperature was noted down) When this temperature was reached, the thermometer was taken out of the conical flask and the conical flask out of the hot wate

Sociological Perspectives And The Functionalist Perspectives Sociology Essay

Sociological Perspectives And The Functionalist Perspectives Sociology Essay The first sociological perspective that I will use to try to explain the Bertram family scenario is the functionalist perspective. The functionalist perspective evolved from the work of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), though it was shaped by Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons during the mid-20th century.    Functionalism can be summed up simply: the world is a system of interrelated parts, and each part makes a necessary contribution to the vitality of the system (Bohm, 1997: 82). Functionalism examines society through a functional framework which stresses that everything, no matter how seemingly strange, out of place, or harmful, serves a purpose. A useful analogy to use would be all the different parts of the body and how they function to keep the human body alive. All organs in the human body depend on each other and each is vital, performing an overall function. Social systems work in much the same way as an organic system. Societies have established structures within which are es tablished beliefs and practices. All members of society are expected to conform and behave acceptably. The institutional arrangements, for example, political or religious arrangements, exist in society not by choice of its citizens but because they perform a specific function for the social structure as a whole. People within these social structures know and agree on how to behave, living their lives in the right ways from which society benefits (Jones 2003:39). Functionalism holds that everyone and everything in society, no matter how strange it may seem, serves a purpose.   Crime, for example, is viewed almost universally as a nuisance.   Functionalists, however, point out that crime serves several purposes.   Durkheim concluded that crime and deviance serve three major functions for society: deviance clarifies or reaffirms societal norms, it promotes social unity, and it challenges the status quo.   Deviance can bring into question the status quo, forcing society to reth ink previously held norms.   For example, acts perceived as criminal or deviant were critical in shaping the rights movements for African Americans, women, and homosexuals in the United States.   Without questioning the traditional way of treating disadvantaged groups, the norms of discrimination and prejudice could not be broken. Criticisms of functionalism focus on its acceptance and rationalization of social inequality and societal evils.   Since functionalism holds that all aspects of society are necessary, human rights issues like poverty, hunger, slavery, and genocide must be accounted for.   Critics suggest that functionalism can be used as a rationalization of such issues.   The perspective is also criticized for its lack of testability, which is critical for upholding any social science theory.   Several questions stand against its reliability.   Still, it has its strong points, such as its ability to explain crime and deviance.   Functionalism essentially s erves as the most traditionalist of the sociological schools of thought. As with all the other different parts of society family has a role to play in the functioning of society and each family member has a role to play. Mrs Bertram is no longer able to perform the social roles that society expects of her (for example, mother and wife). In the scenario of the Bertram family, Mrs Bertram could be seen to have taken on the sick role. The functionalist perspective of illness is that it disrupts society; it too is a form of deviance. A functionalist perspective would suggest that social services would need to control the deviance by either putting Mrs Bertram into residential care or by providing services for her at home, in order to bring her back in line with societys expectation of her. Similarly the social worker would also expect Mr Bertrams deviant behaviour to be dealt with. The fact that he is leaving his wife alone for extended periods of time and is generally not caring for her as would be expected of a husband could be viewed as deviant behaviour. The Bertrams are from a generation where gender roles were very specific and Mr Bertram is probably struggling with the role reversal, so would need support with this. Mr Bertrams possible alcoholism could also be viewed as a form of deviance that would need to be brought under control by perhaps providing him with support to overcome it. Feminist theory became established in the 1960s. What defines feminism is the view that womens relative subordination must be questioned and challenged (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005:16). The feministic view is that women are oppressed and their freedom to act and express themselves is limited by the relative power of men, as they tend to possess more economic, cultural and social resources than women. There is a wide range of feminist views due to the failure to agree on ways to explain subordination of women or how women can be liberated or what actually constitutes oppression (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005). As a result there are many varying feminist perspectives drawing on a wide range of disciplines. According to Abbott Wallace and Tyler (2005) early feminists have focussed on issues relating to questions of power, knowledge and subjectivity. Liberal feminism sees gender prejudice as a matter of individual ignorance (Jones 2003:91). Liberal feminists believe inequalities ca n be eradicated by putting in place anti-discrimination laws and by promoting non-sexist attitudes. Marxist feminists believe that womens subordination serves the needs of capitalism (Jones 2003:92). Marxist feminists argue that subordination of women in capitalist societies is best explained by understanding the economic disadvantages that they face. Radical feminism sometimes referred to as gynocentrism affirms that patriarchy is the key to understanding social structures and patriarchal relations are universal and elemental (Jones, 2003:94). The term patriarch is used widely to refer to a society based on universal male supremacy and female subordination (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005:33). This perspective is concerned with womens rights rather than gender equality and it emphasises the difference between men and women. Within radical feminism the family is seen as a key instrument of womens oppression through sexual and maternal obligation. Feminists who adopt this perspective are concerned with the way women perpetuate mens control when they become so oppressed by patriarchal ideologies. Feminist theories of social work have been criticised recently for treating women generically and displaying insufficient sensitivity to the complex ways in which other social divisions such as race, age, disability, etc impact on gender relations. (Dominelli 2002) Mrs Bertram could be seen by feminists to be suffering at the hands of a patriarchal society. She has been lured into dependency by Mr Bertrams charming ways. It could be argued that Mrs Bertram found the prospect of marrying into a higher social class rather appealing. Radical feminists argue that all relationships between men and women are institutionalised relationships of power (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005:35). Mrs Bertram does not appear to be an equal in the marriage and her illness has further exacerbated her powerlessness. Mr Bertram has all control of the finances and probably all major decisions affecting Mrs Bertram, especially as she now lacks capacity, further reinforcing her subordination. It is unclear whether Mrs Bertram has ever worked, if she has not Marxist feminists would argue that this was to the benefit of a capitalist society as she provided, when she was able, free domestic services to sustain her husband. Mrs Bertrams reasons for wanting to stay with her husband may be due to her ideological view of marriage. Feminists argue that married women do not have an identity separate to their husbands (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005) and she may be trying to hold on to what little she has left of her identity as she is slowly losing her faculties due to the Alzheimers. Her ideological view masks the real subordination she faces at the hands of her husband. This is further reinforced by his neglect of her needs and failure to care for his wife as a husband would be expected to. The psychodynamic theory was pioneered by Freud and later developed by a number of writers. Freud argued that there were various levels of conscious and unconscious thought. The id which is the source of basic urges and the drive to survive. The superego is the conscious, public expression that seeks to convey that we are doing what is acceptable to society. The ego is the part of the unconscious that attempts to mediate between the id and superego. Individuals may not be aware of the interactions within themselves and engage in behaviours that are expressions of their deep unconscious, seeking to rationalise them through the ego and superego. The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning as based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious conflict between the different structures of the personality (Baker, 2003:39). The psychodynamic approach attempts to explain the motivation of behaviour. Th e basic assumptions of the psychodynamic theory are that behaviour is motivated by conscious and unconscious mental processes, and that behaviour reflects current motivation and past experience (Glassman and Hadad, 2009). The approach claims that early negative experiences may become buried in the unconscious and manifest themselves in how an individual behaves in relationships with people later in life. Bion (1962) cited in Maclean and Harrison (2009) believes that the quality of childhood relationships in early life shapes the development of personality and character. According to Freud various defence mechanisms are developed by people to cope with difficult emotional situations. These defences include denial, repression, projection and displacement. Freud was of the opinion that people could overcome their problems by making conscious those thoughts and motivations hidden in the unconscious. He used several methods to gain access to the unconscious, such as free association whic h involved allowing the individual to say whatever came into their mind and if the client became blocked talking about something this signified something deeper was occurring in their unconscious. Freud also use dream analysis as he believed that unconscious thoughts were revealed in dreams and could be interpreted. Transference was another method used as clients projected and displaced their own thoughts and feelings onto their therapist. The psychodynamic approach is criticised for its subjectivity and gender, cultural and historical bias (Barker, 2003). The psychodynamic approach could be used to better understand Mr Bertram. Problems that are identifiable in the case scenario are his poor management of money, his neglect of his wife and his suspected alcoholism. His behaviour could possibly be a result of what is happening in his unconscious mind due to a negative experience in early childhood. The amount of time he spends at the golf club away from his wife could be explained as him using denial as a defence mechanism against painful emotions. He may have experienced painful losses in the past and this may have affected his unconscious mind. It is possibly too painful for him to accept his wifes illness and his coping strategy is to refuse to accept what is happening. His suspected alcoholism may be due to him regressing to an earlier stage of development where he felt safe or comfortable, possibly the oral stage when developing children focus on oral pleasures such as feeding. It is possible that the stress of his wifes illness h as triggered the regression and he may not even be aware of how his unconscious is leading him to use alcohol to cope. His use of alcoholism could also be explained as fixated behaviour, if Mr Bertram experienced trauma when he was at the oral stage (stage where according to Freud child gains satisfaction from sucking, eating, etc) in his development it is possible that he then became confined to this particular stage. His conscious choice to drink alcohol has its origins in the repressed depths of the unconscious mind (Ingleby 2006:8). His use of alcohol as a way of managing a difficult situation is inappropriate behaviour and generating its own set of problems as he is neglecting his wife and the home is in an awful state. A social worker using this approach would have to proceed with caution as behaviours may not be the result of unconscious assumptions. Behaviourism rose in prominence in the early 20th century through the ideas of thinkers such as Pavlov and Watson. The behaviourist approach lays emphasis on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way that we act. A key idea in behaviourism is that all individuals enter the world as a clean slate (Ingleby, 2006:5). Social factors are then responsible for shaping the individual. The basic assumption is that humans learn behaviour by learned relationships between stimulus (excites the sense organs) and a response (reaction to stimulus). The main behaviourist theories of learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs when we make an association between a neutral stimulus that reliably produces a response, so that the neutral stimulus comes to produce the same response (Baker, 2003:43). It is most well known through Pavlovs experiment where dogs were given food at the same time as a bell was rung. The result was that the dogs wou ld salivate when the bell was rung even if no food was presented. Pairing of an unconditioned stimulus led to an unconditioned response and when the unconditioned response was paired with another stimulus, the stimulus eventually produced a response on its own. Operant conditioning has had a considerable influence on psychology and is used regularly in social care (Maclean and Harrison, 2009). Operant conditioning recognises that the environment effects behaviour. Much behaviour occurs randomly and whether we repeat it or not depends on the response we get. For example, if a person says they want to kill themselves, they may not know how or fully understand what they are saying but whether or not they say it again may depend on the response of those around them. The behaviourist approach is criticised for be oversimplified as it ignores mental processes and limited as not everything can be accounted for by simple learning (Barker, 2003). It is possible that Mr Bertram has learned behaviours over the years due to the responses he has received. As he is from a white upper class background he has led a fairly privileged life. Even though his financial status is now in question he has learned over the years that his exceedingly charming manners are able to get him what he wants. He was able to use his charm to sweep Mrs Bertram off her feet and so far has managed to use this same charm offensive to keep the landlord and social services at bay. If we apply the principle of operant conditioning to the situation we can see that Mr Bertrams behaviour has been shaped by the way that those he has come into contact with have responded by conceding to his charming ways. The consequence has been that he continually uses this behaviour to mask the problems he and his wife are experiencing. I was born and raised in Zimbabwe just before independence and I am the second child of a nurse and a self-made business man. Education was very important in my family and although it went unsaid there was always an expectation that we would be successful in life. The culture I was raised in had a very patriarchal framework and this extended to state policies and procedures. For example, in order for me to obtain a passport or national identity card I had to either go to government offices with my father or a male relative with the same surname or produce my fathers identification documents. My mothers presence or her documents would not have been acceptable. If I view this from a feminist perspective, women in my culture were placed in a position of subordination because of economic dependency and because generally they were constructed as socially inferior (Abbott, Wallace and Tyler, 2005: 28). Despite the fact that my mother worked all financial decisions were made by my father. M arxist feminist would argue that subordination of women in Zimbabwe served and continues to serve to enhance capitalist interests. My mother tended to my fathers every need so that he could go out and be productive at work. Education was a very important part of my life. Emphasis was always placed on the fact that I needed a good education in order to succeed in life. I remember getting very good reports at school while my sister got the opposite. My parents would sit her down every time her report card came home. If I apply the behaviourist principle of operant conditioning to my situation I learned that if I came home with a good report card my parents response would be a positive one. I therefore endeavoured to always have a good report so that that positive response from my parents would be repeated. My background will provide me with insight on how women can feel oppressed even in environments that they are supposed to feel safe, so that I can effectively challenge oppressive practices. My background also helps me understand how responses I may have as a social worker will shape future behaviours of service users to other social workers or professionals. It is clearly important to have an understanding of sociological and psychological perspectives in social work as both make a significant contribution to understanding different service user needs.

Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness: Dunnes

Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness: Dunnes [i] Background Dunnes Stores has 152 stores throughout Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, UK and Spain it has been established by Ben Dunne. It is Irelands largest and leading retailer providing a unique offering of fashion, food and homewares in one location. The biggest competitors against Dunnes in Shannon are: Lidl Dealz The main domestic competitors in the supermarket business are Tesco, SuperValu, Lidl and Aldi. In clothing, their rivals include Penneys, Marks and Spencer and Debenhams. Dunnes sell brands such as Paul Costello, CenteRed, Paul Galvin, Gallery, Savida, Carolyn Donnelly and many more. Their Target Market Dunnes Stores target market is aimed at all categories men, women and children with different price points to suit everyones pocket. By providing; food, beverage, fresh fish seafood, clothing, home furniture and fresh hot deli foods made on site which is located under one roof. Promising the Better Value. Advertisement At Dunnes Stores advertising plays a big part. In store advertisement: Leaflets and brochures on each till Banners with weekly deals and specials Intercom Web: http://www.dunnesstores.com/ which now provides online shopping for clothes and homeware with a home delivery Facebook Media: Radio Clare FM Television [ii] [iii] Premises Dunnes Stores is situated within a Sky Court Shopping centre in Shannon which facilities include: Lifts Parking Disabled Parking Toilets Wheelchair friendly Guidance dogs friendly Product Services Dunnes offers a variety of foods, fresh fish seafood, veg, fruit, dry, processed food, snacks, soft drinks, alcohol wine etc., they have been also awarded the quality of their foods equal to the price. Their various brands are shown below: Our Brands Women Gallery Savida (own brand) Carolyn Donnelly The Edit Paul Costelloe Living Studio Lennon Courtney at Dunnes Stores Joanne Hynes at Dunnes Stores Men Paul Galvin CenteRed Costelloe Living Men New Haven Padraig Harrington Golf Kids Paul Costelloe Living Occasionwear Leigh Tucker Willow Home Carolyn Donnelly Eclectic Paul Costelloe Living Considered by Helen James Francis Brennan the Collection [iv] Employees interaction with customers each other and management. From my experience and observation, the staff has always greeted, thanked and invited their customers to visit again which in my opinion is vital in a busy business place. The staff is the companys image which reflects how the company is being run. In this case their behaviour towards the customer has never failed. The management staff has been always helpful and willing to answer questions or fix minor problems when the customer seemed unhappy. How employer/management present themselves to the customer dress code, personal hygiene. All staff is provided with a uniform to wear on a daily basis which consists of black trousers, black shirt, flat black shoes and a name badge. Their look is satisfying an appropriate uniform with an overall well-groomed appearance. The management and staff overall have a very professional appearance. Potential positive and the potential negative impact on consumers/users and on the business. Positive Negative Advertising Advertisement over the intercom constantly in store. Premises Good wheelchair access, free parking, lifts and on site ATM Product Services Good price for good quality Employees Interaction Satisfying welcoming and friendly Employee Appearance Well-groomed, professional How organisation caters for disability and diversity. Dunnes stores caters for all in general. As mentioned before they have a good facility for disabled people as they have wheelchair access wide aisles, guidance dogs are allowed. No racial, sexual or religious diversity noted. Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness Shannon Springs Hotel ______________________ [v] Background Shannon Springs Hotel Conveniently located just 5 minutes from Shannon International Airport, The Shannon Springs Hotel (formerly known as Shannon Court Hotel) is one of the most popular Shannon Hotels and boasts 54 very spacious, tastefully decorated bedrooms with all the modern amenities to make you feel at home. Famous for their Old Lodge Gastro Pub, friendly atmosphere and excellent efficient service, there is an abundance of local attractions within easy reach of our Shannon Airport Hotel. The biggest competitors against Shannon Springs Hotel in Shannon are: Oak Wood Arms Hotel Park Inn Hotel by Radisson Shannon Airport Their Target Market Shannon Springs Hotel target market is aimed at all categories men, women and children with different price points to suit everyones pocket. By providing; Accommodation, Costa Coffee, The Old Lodge Gastro Pub, Free Wi-Fi, Free parking, Laundry service, Room service, Kid-friendly. Advertisement They have designed a new web page. Shannon Spring Hotel mainly advertises on their home page and Facebook after, renovating, reopening and the change of the ownership becoming the new Shannon Springs Hotel. www.shannonspringshotel.com [vi] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Facebook [vii] Premises Shannon Springs Hotel is located 5 minutes away from the Airport it is an ideal base for a great leisure break, situated between the neighbouring historic towns of Ennis and Limerick. They cater their premises to the needs of all people, some rooms and bathrooms are accommodated to suit the needs of people with disabilities for an easy access. The Shannon Springs Hotel Free Wi-Fi Free parking Laundry service Room service Kid-friendly Restaurant Free breakfast Pool Bar Smoke-free Products Services: They provide a service of accommodation for people worldwide and nationwide. They are a *** hotel which has adequate prices to its quality and service. Apart from their accommodation facility they also organise Weddings. [viii] 3. How employees interact with the customer and each other and management. As for this particular part of the portfolio I had to physically speak with their representative which in this case was the Receptionist, the gentleman I have spoken to show a lot of respect for what I was doing and why I asked this sort of particular questions. I felt comfortable and fully understood. He showed a lot of competency and professionalism. In my opinion the people that work there are interacting with their customers to the best of their ability 3. How employer/management present themselves Hygiene/uniform The person I dealt with, in which case was the Receptionist looked on a professional standard, wearing a well-groomed suit. As well as the Receptionist, other staff looked very professional wearing a black shirt with the company logo. Potential positive and potential negative impact on consumers and on the business. In my opinion it was a very pleasant experience where I physically spoke with a person who answered all of my questions on behalf of the company. He reflected a very positive image of the company. Here are some other true examples of happy fulfilled customers. [ix] [x] 5. How the organisation cater for disability and diversity. As I asked specific questions about the hotel itself I also asked about their organisation of Weddings I was told by the receptionist that recently in around December there was same sex marriage taking place in this hotel. Over all I think there is no any sort of sexual, race or disability diversity. This hotel is fully customer, children and disabled people friendly [i] https://www.google.ie/maps/uv?hl=enpb=!1s0x485b41d445ece8c5:0xb0bba4c43059698d!2m19!2m2!1i80!2i80!3m1!2i20!16m13!1b1!2m2!1m1!1e1!2m2!1m1!1e3!2m2!1m1!1e5!2m2!1m1!1e4!3m1!7e115!4s/maps/place/dunnes%2Bstores%2Bshannon/@52.7103129,-8.8777974,3a,75y,220.86h,90t/data%3D*213m4*211e1*213m2*211sAmf7Ddk4lUq5EonMTsOPdQ*212e0*214m2*213m1*211s0x0:0xb0bba4c43059698d!5sdunnes+stores+shannon+-+Google+Searchimagekey=!1e2!2sAmf7Ddk4lUq5EonMTsOPdQsa=Xsqi=2ved=0ahUKEwjKnuqZl8nSAhWLDcAKHUsfAdoQpx8IdzAK [ii] https://www.facebook.com/DunnesStores/ [iii] http://www.dunnesstores.com/ [iv] http://www.dunnesstores.com/award1c/food-wine/fcp-category/home [v] http://www.shannonspringshotel.com/gallery.html [vi] http://www.shannonspringshotel.com/index.html [vii] https://www.facebook.com/ShannonSpringsHotel/ [viii] https://ag.avvio.com/convert/site/Shannon%20Springs%20Hotel/en/results.php?checkin=2017-03-9nights=1currency=EUR_ga=1.173972515.1456376543.1489054532 [ix] https://www.facebook.com/pg/ShannonSpringsHotel/reviews/?ref=page_internal [x] https://www.google.ie/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8#q=shannon+springs+hotel*lrd=0x485b6a75f392bb6d:0xdc216dcbd415f138,1

The Fantastical Elements of Lerouxs The Phantom of the Opera Essay exa

The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera      Ã‚   In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera fantastic literature is displayed at its best. Originally published in 1911, this French writer produced one of the most famous novels in French history. Created into a play and a musical produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber, this story has touched millions. However, this transition from a novel to a theatrical performance has caused much of the story to be left out of the production. When viewed in its entirety, the novel exhibits many fantastical elements. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. These characteristics do not resemble those of Magical Realism extensively. The novel has many realistic qualities that may mask the fantastic elements. The background and setting are recognizable as a French opera house set in Paris. The characters use familiar, if out dated, dialect. The era in which the story takes place, the late eighteen hundreds, is also very realistic. Horses and carriages are still used as the mode of transportation, the musical pieces sung in the novel are pieces that would be sung at other operas during that time period, and the style of clothing is what would be expected of the era. This base of reality is common to both Magical Realism as well as Fantastic literature. The attitudes of the characters are also very realistic. At the masked ball, the Parisians take part whole heartedly, accepting the idea of masking their identity as the normal ball activity. In today's time, the dressing incognito idea is an unusual one. The characters do not accept the idea of the "Opera Ghost" as a real ghost and many exhibit a disbelief, as they would in rea... ...re into a masterpiece that would be famous for almost one hundred years after its publication date. He also creates a false history of the tale, claiming it can found in any French records, if one only takes the time to look. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. Through meeting these requirements of the Fantastic, this work also pulls itself out of the category of Magical Realism. Written in such an eerie tone, and with the horror found in its pages, it is no wonder that The Phantom of the Opera is included as horror or mystery besides its standing as a classical novel. Works Cited Leroux, Gaston. The Phantom of the Opera. New York: Signet Classic, 1987. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Form. Cleveland: The Press of Case Weston Reserve University, 1973. pp 168-174. The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera Essay exa The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera      Ã‚   In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera fantastic literature is displayed at its best. Originally published in 1911, this French writer produced one of the most famous novels in French history. Created into a play and a musical produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber, this story has touched millions. However, this transition from a novel to a theatrical performance has caused much of the story to be left out of the production. When viewed in its entirety, the novel exhibits many fantastical elements. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. These characteristics do not resemble those of Magical Realism extensively. The novel has many realistic qualities that may mask the fantastic elements. The background and setting are recognizable as a French opera house set in Paris. The characters use familiar, if out dated, dialect. The era in which the story takes place, the late eighteen hundreds, is also very realistic. Horses and carriages are still used as the mode of transportation, the musical pieces sung in the novel are pieces that would be sung at other operas during that time period, and the style of clothing is what would be expected of the era. This base of reality is common to both Magical Realism as well as Fantastic literature. The attitudes of the characters are also very realistic. At the masked ball, the Parisians take part whole heartedly, accepting the idea of masking their identity as the normal ball activity. In today's time, the dressing incognito idea is an unusual one. The characters do not accept the idea of the "Opera Ghost" as a real ghost and many exhibit a disbelief, as they would in rea... ...re into a masterpiece that would be famous for almost one hundred years after its publication date. He also creates a false history of the tale, claiming it can found in any French records, if one only takes the time to look. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. Through meeting these requirements of the Fantastic, this work also pulls itself out of the category of Magical Realism. Written in such an eerie tone, and with the horror found in its pages, it is no wonder that The Phantom of the Opera is included as horror or mystery besides its standing as a classical novel. Works Cited Leroux, Gaston. The Phantom of the Opera. New York: Signet Classic, 1987. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Form. Cleveland: The Press of Case Weston Reserve University, 1973. pp 168-174.

The Misleading Message of Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm Ess

The Misleading Message of Chopin's The Storm Kate Chopin's "The Storm" focuses on two simultaneous and related storms, one a fierce tempest of the natural world with the expected rain, wind, lightening, and thunder, the other a cyclone of the mind and heart which results in an short love affair between the two main characters. With her husband Bobinot and her son Bibi stranded in town by the storm, Calixta finds herself at home alone when an old lover, Alcee, rides up. The storm, the worst in two years, drives the two indoors, where, though they have not met in five years, they soon are embracing each other. As the storm outside reaches a climax, the emotions in the house spike to a fever pitch, and, though not directly stated, it is implied in the narrative that the two engage in sexual relations. As the storm passes on Alcee leaves, and we are told that everyone, including the uninvolved spouses, is improved and benefitted by the romantic engagement. Kate Chopin wrote this story at a time when Christian and Victorian morality was still adhered to, at least in name, and extramarital relationships were widely condemned in public. Thus, though Chopin had penned many other well-received pieces, The Storm, written after the highly controversial The Awakening, remained unpublished during her lifetime. That this particular work of Chopin s is more widely accepted today is perhaps a poor reflection on our society’s literary tastes, for The Storm is neither a realistic depiction of life nor the results of male-female relationships. The main problem with this work is its total lack of realism in its portrayal of the effects of the rel... ...re is no chance that Alcee will marry her, considering he did not think it proper when an even better opportunity presented itself earlier his life. Perhaps Clarisse, if she truly dislikes her husband, will not mind the situation too much, but such an affair would create an awkward marriage between her and Alcee, and divorce was still not at that time conducive to making you popular in good society. Finally, it would be unlikely for Bobinot not to find out, and, from the brief sketch presented of the good but unimaginative man in The Storm, it would probably crush him to lose his wife, and what acts such a disenchantment would lead to, no one could say. Considering all that has been mentioned, perhaps a more accurate ending for the story would be: The storm had passed, only to come again, and everyone was the worse because of it.

Essay on The Consequences of Sin in The Scarlet Letter -- Scarlet Lett

The Scarlet Letter:   The Consequences of Sin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can be concluded that the consequences of sin is the theme of Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne explored this theme by four distinctive levels of sin. Although each level was equally displayed throughout the novel, the communal sin of man's inhumanity to man outranked all else. The primary characters are each guilty of one or more of the following levels of sin; the sin of vengeance, the sin of hypocrisy, and the sin of adultery. In the beginning of the novel, it is revealed that Hester Prynne is guilty of adultery. One of the consequences for her sin is a prison term. Secondly, she had a child, a baby who was conceived from lust rather than love. Hester named this child Pearl, meaning of great value. Thirdly, Hester was condemned to wear the scarlet letter, upon her bosom, for all to recognize her as one who has met with the black man in the forest. Fourth, she was made to stand in public ignominy as the townsmen mocked her. Although the magistrates tried to make Hester Prynne reveal her accomplice, she kept his name unknown. As one may have guessed, from the hints given throughout the novel, Arthur Dimmesdale was also guilty of adultery. However, he did not confess his sin until it was too late. Dimmesdale continued his ministry in the church, as a hypocrite, concealing his sin. Nevertheless, his guilty conscience drove him to a manic-depressive state of mind. Dimmesdale became very ill, because the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom seemingly burned through his chest, weakening his heart. When he realized what was happening to him, he tried to expose himself through his ... ...strates, but she was paid only a tenth of what the garments were worth. There was a tremendous difference in the town’s behavior towards Hester as compared to the way they treated Dimmesdale. The people treated Dimmesdale as a saint, even though he was guilty of hypocrisy. They also treated Chillingworth as a highly respected physician, although he was guilty of vengeance. So, when the community dwells on a person's imperfections, they too are guilty of sin, the sin of man's inhumanity to man. One may find, after having read the novel, that it's better to confess your sin rather than conceal it, although it may not be good for your reputation in the community, it's better for your soul. Throughout the novel, the characters suffered the consequences for their sins. As a result, the theme of The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, could be the consequences of sin.

Battery Industry

Case Preparation For Discussion (Gillette) 1. Central problem/issue in case: The main problem is that, since its acquisition, Duracell has become a drain on the financial performance of Gillette. The board needs to decide what should be done to turn Duracell around and restore Gillette to a dependable financial performer. 2. How is the battery industry (you can use five forces analysis to answer this question)? Has it been changing? If yes, how? Overall, the industry is very attractive. New entrants realize the potential of snagging a piece of a highly profitable industry that produced $5. billion in revenue and $807 million operating margin. Threat of new entrants is low, as the capital requirements and technology development needed to stay relevant in the market proves to be a daunting barrier to entry. Also, in order to realize a significant profit, economies of scale must be realized to produce a massive amount of batteries while keeping costs low. This would be harder for smalle r entrants to achieve. Threat of substitute products is low, as no replacement good has been introduced that may provide the consumer with the same benefits as using a battery. This makes the industry attractive.However, if a company produced a good that could replace the need for a battery, this would detrimentally alter the battery industry, making threat of substitute products a major factor of the industry. The bargaining power of suppliers is low because there is little differentiation between the inputs of the batteries, which can be acquired from many different suppliers. This low supplier power makes the industry attractive. The bargaining power of the buyer is fairly high, as there is high buyer concentration with low switching costs, which makes the industry less attractive. The major, key factor is the rivalry among competitors.There are three main competitors that comprise 85. 76% of the battery market, in which they are constantly upgrading their technology, promoting t heir products with strong advertising and marketing campaigns, and cutting prices of their goods. Yes, the battery industry has changed over time to create more efficient, less costly batteries than it ever has before; however, it is becoming fairly stagnant. With the competitors simply making them slightly more efficient than the leading brand and coming up with the next best advertising campaign, there is little more for each of the battery manufacturers to do with their product.The battery industry could be considered a â€Å"cash cow† – great profitability, large market share, but little growth. In order to stay on top, Duracell has to spend significant amounts of money on R&D to continue to keep up to speed on the relevant technology. 3. What were the impacts of Duracell’s introduction of Ultra on the nature of competition in the battery industry? When Duracell introduced Ultra in May 1998, it began a long cycle of the battery industry’s main competi tors introducing new, higher-powered, longer lasting batteries.Originally, these batteries were sold at a premium. Three months after the introduction of Ultra, Duracell was involved in several court battles, which were soon followed by Gillette’s announcement that it was restructuring the company and cutting jobs. After all the commotion around the battery industry, Consumer Reports told consumers that all batteries were standard, worked the same, and to buy the cheapest one. When Energizer and Rayovac introduced their new, updated batteries, they were sold at a price cut or at the same price as the standard battery.For all three main competitors, none of their baseline batteries were replaced, but rather simply updated and sold alongside the other on the shelf. Each introduction was accompanied by a pricey advertising campaign that was designed to win new customers and hopefully gain market share. 4. Why was Gillette unable to achieve the same success in batteries that it h ad been able to achieve in shaving products? Gillette is very good at using their knowledge and expertise in each of their segments to create related, diversified products to fit the needs of their consumers.They use what they already know, the resources and capabilities that they already have, to grow horizontally within each segment by creating a wider range of products and services for the consumer. For their personal grooming segment, they have expanded from simply razors to shaving cream and deodorants. They have been unable to find a way to do the same within their portable power segment, in which Duracell is the only company. In order to gain financially, they need to discover a way to expand the capabilities of Duracell. 5. If you were James Kilt, what strategic actions would you take?I would look for ways to expand the portable power segment, which includes Duracell. Perhaps using Duracell in all of Gillette’s electronic products, such as the electric-powered toothbr ushes, electronic razors, or coffee makers. Also, a possibility is to perhaps create an exporting agreement to electronic goods producers to use Duracell batteries in their products as they are sold. Another possibility is to spend money developing a battery that could be used in auto production, then creating a joint venture with an auto manufacturer.Gillette already has good global presence, so expanding more globally could help. 6. What do you learn from this case? I learned that just because a company is profitable at a specific point in time, like Duracell, does not mean it will be profitable forever, even if it is teamed up with a strong, financially enduring company, like Gillette. In order to continue outstanding financial performance, you must evaluate where the industry is going in the future and look for ways to diversify and expand before it hits a downturn.

Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay

A systematic reappraisal is â€Å" [ a ] reappraisal of a clearly formulated inquiry that uses systematic and expressed methods to place, choose, and critically measure relevant research, and to roll up and analyze informations from the surveies that are included in the reappraisal. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may non be used to analyze and summarize the consequences of the included surveies † ( Greens & A ; Higgins, 2005 ) . SRs are claimed to be the best beginning of grounds in clinical pattern and decision-making ( Cook et al, 1997 ) . They provide sum-ups of grounds from a myriad of primary surveies which focus on the same inquiries ( Cook et al, 1997, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) by efficaciously pull offing and incorporating well big sum of bing information ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . An overview of available scientific grounds which addresses a specific job brand clip devouring procedure of reading single surveies unneeded and therefore, aid wellness atten tion professionals save their cherished clip ( Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . By summarizing consequences of included research surveies into a individual statement, SRs provide greater advantage to clinicians in measuring grounds ( Stevens, 2001 ) . Furthermore, SRs resolve incompatibilities of surveies that discuss the same job but output confusing and conflicting consequences ( Stevens, 2001, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . Besides, SRs set up generalisability by measuring whether clinical findings are consistent across populations and scenes or vary harmonizing to peculiar subsets ( Mulrow, 1994, Stevens, 2001 ) . SRs have become progressively critical to a wide scope of stakeholders ( Moher et al, 2007 ) , peculiarly wellness attention suppliers, research workers and determination shapers ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health attention suppliers particularly clinicians read SRs to maintain abreast with their forte ( Swingler et al, 2003, Moher et Al, 2007 ) and to stay educated in wider facets of medical specialty ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health policy shapers and clinical guideline developers use SRs as get downing point in explicating clinical guidelines and statute laws ( Mulrow, 1994, Moher et Al, 2007 ) . As for some medical diaries, SRs are important as they serve as prerequisite grounds base tools to warrant the demand to carry on farther research ( Young & A ; Houltan, 2005 ) .2.2 Overall coverage quality of SRsOver the past few decennaries, SRs are being published yearly in progressively big Numberss ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . A survey conducted by Moher et Al ( 2007 ) showed that there are about 2500 SRs indexed yearly on Medline. However, there is relatively small bing informations on the coverage quality of SRs despite figure of SRs published is tremendous ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . Several earlier surveies concluded that quality of coverage of SRs was by and large hapless ( Sacks et Al, 1987. Mulrow et Al, 1987, Silagy, 1993, Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Sacks et Al ( 1987 ) evaluated the coverage quality of 86 meta-analyses of studies of randomised controlled tests published in English linguistic communication by taking into consideration 23 points covering six indispensable spheres, i.e. â€Å" survey design, combinability, control of prejudice, statistical analysis, sensitiveness analysis and application of consequences † . The consequences of the survey showed that coverage was by and large hapless, where merely 24 of 86 meta-analyses ( 28 % ) addressed all six spheres and of the 23 points, between 1 and 14 were satisfactorily reported ( average = 7.7, standard divergence = 2.7 ) ( Sacks et Al, 1987 ) . Another earlier rating of SRs by Mulrow et Al ( 1987 ) examined 50 reappraisals published between June 1985 and June 1986 in 4 major medical diaries and found that no individual reappraisal met all eight explicit standards of which the appraisal was based on, i.e. â€Å" purpose, informations designation, informations choice, cogency appraisal, quantitative synthesis, quality synthesis, drumhead and future directives † ( Mulrow et al, 1987 ) . An update of this survey affecting 158 reappraisals published in six general medical diaries in 1996 noted small betterment with merely 2 reappraisals met all 10 methodological standards and the average figure of standards fulfilled was one ( Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Silagy ( 1993 ) evaluated 28 reappraisals covering a broad scope of capable countries which were published in seven chief primary attention diaries in 1991 based on eight standards. The consequences of the survey showed that merely one one-fourth of the reappraisals scored 8 points out of 16 points ( 2 points allocated for each clearly reported standard, 1 point for each non clearly reported standard and 0 point for unreported standard ) ( Silagy et al, 1993 ) . More late, a survey by Jadad et Al ( 1998 ) concluded that Cochrane reappraisals have superior â€Å" methodological asperity † and are more on a regular basis updated compared with SRs or meta-analyses published in paper-based diaries. Oslen et Al ( 2001 ) assessed the quality of Cochrane reappraisals and noted that in general, there were no jobs or merely fiddling jobs found in most of the reappraisals. They studied 53 reappraisals published in issue 4 of the Cochrane Library in 1998 and found that major jobs were identified in 15 reappraisals ( 29 % ) , which correspond to the decision non to the full supported by the grounds in 9 reappraisals ( 17 % ) , unequal coverage in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) and â€Å" stylistic jobs † were recognized in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) ( Oslen et al, 2001 ) . Moher et Al ( 2007 ) examined the epidemiology and describing features of 300 SRs indexed in Medline during November 2004 and found that great differences exist between Cochrane reappraisals and non-Cochrane reappraisals in the coverage quality of several features. Main facets of SR methodological analysis were non reported in many non-Cochrane reappraisals, for case, merely 11 % of the reappraisals mentioned working from a protocol in the procedure of finishing the reappraisal. Besides, informations obtained from the survey suggested that the quality of coverage is inconsistent.2.3 SRs on herbal medical specialties for mental and behavioral upsets2.3.1 St John ‘s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) for depressionHypericum infusions have been studied and included in clinical tests since the 1980s ( Linde et al, 2009 ) . Several systematic reappraisals published from 1995 to 2008 concluded that Hypericum infusions are more effectual compared with placebo and comparable to ( likewise e ffectual as ) criterion antidepressants in handling depressive upsets ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000, Whiskey et Al, 2001, Linde et Al, 2005, Clement et Al, 2006, Linde et Al, 2008 ) . However, some of the tests included in a few reappraisals ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000 ) were being criticised because they incorporated patients with really few and/or mild symptoms who did non run into the inclusion standards of major depression, were carried out by primary attention doctors who were deficiency of experience in depression research, and/or used low doses of comparator drugs ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . Linde et Al ( 2005 ) conducted an update of antecedently completed reappraisal ( Linde et al, 1996 ) by including several new well-designed placebo-controlled tests where negative findings were found in some of the tests ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . The consequences obtained aggravated new arguments on the efficaciousness of Hypericum infusions for intervention of depression and the analyses showed that effects of Hypericum infusions over placebo were less pronounced in surveies restricted to patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2005 ) . In order to understate clinical heterogeneousness every bit good as to uncover the fact that about all new high-quality tests of Hypericum infusions are restricted to patients with major depression, another update of reappraisal ( Linde et al, 2008 ) was conducted by including several new well-designed tests restricted to patients with major depression. 29 tests were included in the survey. In nine larger tests and nine smaller tests affecting comparing of hypericum infusion with placebo, the combined response rate ratio ( RR ) obtained was 1.28 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) , 1.10-1.49 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % CI, 1.22-2.87 ) severally. As for comparing with standard antidepressants, RRs were 1.02 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.15 ; 5 tests ) for tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants and 1.00 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.11 ; 12 tests ) for selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) . Hence, it can be concluded that Hypericum infusions tested in the included test are more effectual than placebo and are likewise effectual as standard antidepressants in patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2008 ) .2.3.2 AnxietyThere are SRs on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. kava infusion, valerian and Passiflora for anxiousness ( Pittler & A ; Ernst, 2003, Miyasaka et Al, 2006, Miyasaka et Al, 2007 ) . Merely survey conducted by Pittler & A ; Ernst ( 2003 ) found that kava infusion is more effectual than placebo in diagnostic interven tion of anxiousness despite the size of the consequence is little. Finding of SR carried by Miyasaka et Al ( 2006 ) comparing the effectivity of valerian with placebo and Valium for anxiousness showed that there is no important differences between valerian and placebo and between valerian and Valium in Hamilton Anxiety ( HAM-A ) entire tonss. Besides, a definite decision was unable to be drawn as there was merely a individual little survey with 36 patients available ( Miyasaka et al, 2006 ) . Miyasaka et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR by including 2 surveies to compare the effectivity of Passiflora with benzodiazepines, i.e. mexazolam and oxazolam severally in handling anxiousness. None of the survey was able to separate Passiflora from benzodiazepines in any of the result steps. Two possible grounds for this deficiency of statistical difference identified were the medicines were every bit effectual and deficient figure of surveies were included ( sample size was non big plenty ) ( Miya saka et al, 2007 ) .2.3.3 DementiaStrontium on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. Zhiling decoction, Yizhi capsule and Huperzine A for vascular dementedness found no converting grounds to back up the usage or effectivity of these herbs ( Jirong et al, 2004, Wu et Al, 2007, Hao et Al, 2009 ) . Jirong et Al ( 2004 ) found no suited randomised placebo-controlled tests and concluded that the available grounds was unequal to back up the usage of Zhiling decoction in the direction of vascular dementedness. Wu et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR of Yizhi capsule for vascular dementedness found no survey that met the inclusion standards and no grounds from randomised controlled tests to measure the potency of Yizhi capsule in handling vascular dementedness. SR conducted by Birks & A ; Grimley Evans ( 2009 ) to measure the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba for dementedness included 36 tests but most were little and the continuance was less than 3 months. More recent tests with longer continuance showed inconsistent consequences for knowledge and activities of day-to-day life when comparing Gingko biloba with placebo and 1 of the tests reported big intervention effects in favor of Gingko biloba ( Birks & A ; Grimley Evans, 2009 ) . Another SR conducted by Weinmann et Al ( 2010 ) which included 9 tests with 2372 patients found that Gingko biloba appeared to be more effectual than placebo for dementedness. Datas obtained showed statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering knowledge every bit good as statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering activities of day-to-day life in subgroup of patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease. Consequences for quality of life and neuropsychiatric marks and symptoms were inconsistent ( Weinmann et al, 2010 ) .2.3.4 SchizophreniaA SR conducted by Rathbone et Al ( 2005 ) to reexamine Chinese herbal medical specialty, either being used entirely or as a portion of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ) attack for people with schizophrenic disorder found that Chinese herbal medical specialties, given in a Western biomedical context, may be good for people with schizophrenic disorder when combined with major tranquilizers.2.3.5 Insomnia/Sleep upsets2 of the SRs and/or meta-analyses of valerian for insomnia output inconclusive grounds of the benefit of valerian as a slumber assistance ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000, Bent et Al, 2006, Taibi et Al, 2007 ) . This was because the included surveies of these reappraisals presented great incompatibility across patients, experimental designs, processs and methodological quality ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000 ) . As for reappraisal conducted by Bent et Al ( 2006 ) , the surveie s included showed great heterogeneousness in footings of doses, readyings and length of intervention. Taibi et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR to analyze the grounds of valerian for insomnia and found that overall grounds did non back up the clinical efficaciousness of valerian as a slumber assistance. A meta-analysis including 18 randomised controlled tests was conducted by Fernandez-San-Martin et Al ( 2010 ) and the qualitative dichotomous consequences showed that valerian was effectual for subjective betterment of insomnia. However, the effectivity of valerian was non demonstrated with quantitative measurings ( Fernandez-San-Martin et Al, 2010 ) .2.4 Characteristics and Quality of SRs of herbal medical specialtiesHarmonizing to Linde et Al ( 2003 ) , â€Å" descriptive empirical surveies † on SRs are comparatively uncommon. Linde et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a research to analyze the features and quality of SRs on stylostixis, herbal medical specialties and homeopathy by including 115 SRs with 58 SRs on herbal medical specialties. The features and quality of the included SRs examined are summarised in the tabular arraies below ( Table 2.1 & A ; 2.2 ) . Table 2.1 Characteristics of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Characteristic E.g. ( s ) Bibliographic features Year of publication Question Narrow intercession focal point Condition reviewed Psychiatric Information on inclusion standards Explicit inclusion standards sing patients/condition ; of import inclusion standards, e.g. merely placebo-controlled tests Literature hunt Explicitly in Medline Others Methods ; consequences and decision Table 2.2 Quality of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Items reviewed Search methods reported Comprehensive hunt Inclusion standards reported Choice prejudice avoided Cogency standards reported Methods for uniting reported Findingss combined suitably Decisions supported by informations Some restrictions encountered in the survey were discussed, for illustration, restrictions in resources doing half of the reappraisals were extracted and assessed by merely 1 referee and there was great heterogeneousness across some of the included reappraisals. Therefore, it was suggested that the analysis of the informations merely served to give an overall position of the descriptive epidemiology of available SRs on herbal medical specialties and there is still plenty room for betterment in future SRs conducted on herbal medical specialties ( Linde et al, 2003 ) .2.5 Guidance/appraisal tools to measure coverage quality of SRsThe increasing popularity and utility of SRs urged the studies of SRs to be â€Å" clear, accurate and crystalline † ( Moher, 2008 ) . Despite there are some betterment in the coverage of SRs, the quality of coverage is still inconsistent ( Moher et al, 2007 ) . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to follow describing criterion or coverage checklis t ( Wiesler & A ; McGauran, 2010 ) . QUOROM ( QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analyses ) statement, which serves as a criterion to heighten the coverage quality of â€Å" meta-analyses of randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) † was developed in 1996. QUOROM checklist consists of a sum of 20 headers and subheadings and describes the preferable ways of coverage of meta-analyses in footings of abstract, debut, methods, consequences and treatment ( Moher et al, 1999 ) . Table 2.3 Quality of coverage of meta-analyses Heading Subheading Descriptor* Reported? ( Y/N ) Page figure Title Abstraction There are 6 points, i.e. aims, informations beginnings, reappraisal methods, consequences and decision Introduction Methods There are 6 points, i.e. searching, choice, cogency appraisal, informations abstraction, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis. Consequences There are 3 points, i.e. test flow, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis Discussion *Detailed form please refers to Moher et Al ( 1999 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 1999 QUOROM statement was revised and renamed PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reappraisals and Meta-Analyses ) statement ( Moher et al, 2009 ) . PRISMA checklist consists of 27 points ( see Appendix 5 for elaborate checklist points ) . PRISMA checklist differs from QUOROM checklist in a few facets as shown by the tabular array below ( Table 2.4 ) . Table 2.4 Substantive specific alterations between the QUOROM checklist and the PRISMA checklist ( a tick indicates the presence of the subject in QUOROM or PRISMA ) Section/topic and point QUOROM PRISMA Comment* Abstraction Introduction: Aim Methods: Protocol Search Appraisal of hazard of prejudice in included surveies Appraisal of hazard of prejudice across surveies Discussion Funding *Detailed remark please refers to Moher et Al ( 2009 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 2009

American way of life Essay

Choose one scene from â€Å"The Crucible† that you consider being particularly dramatic, exciting or tense. Explain your choice and discuss the importance of this scene to the play as a whole.  McCarthyism is the term describing a period, 1940s and 50s, when the USA was obsessed with a fear of communists secretly trying to destroy the American way of life. During this period thousands of Americans were accused of communism and were put on trial, they were asked about their personal lives, friends and political beliefs. They were persuaded to pass on names of communists then they could go free. This is much like the Salem witch trials when each of the accused witches were trialed and if they told the court a name of another person they were no longer accused. Rather Miller was trialed in 1956 and refused to tell them any names. He was angry that mass persecution could become hysteria. I have chosen the scene where John has confessed to his affair with Abigail and now Elizabeth has to tell Danforth if it is true. This scene is very tense because if Elizabeth lies then John will hang but if she tells the truth he will live. This is the point in the play that we find out if Elizabeth still loves John and this is also the point that Abigail realises that John doesn’t feel anything for her.  At the beginning of the scene John and Abigail are told to look away from Elizabeth so they can’t give her a sign of what to say. Abigail’s presence raises tension for John, Elizabeth and everyone else in the room. When Elizabeth enters she is made to stand alone. This distance between the characters is symbolic of the distance in their relationship. At this point Elizabeth is standing alone facing Danforth. This is an extremely tense point in the play because Elizabeth is in control of John’s fate. Elizabeth keeps trying to look at John for a sign. She starts to pause a lot because she still hasn’t made her mind up about what she is going to say. This is very tense for the audience because they know what she should say but Elizabeth doesn’t, this is called dramatic irony. Danforth starts to get angry because Elizabeth keeps glancing at John but Danforth says â€Å"The answer is in your memory and you need no help to give it to me†. This shows he is getting impatient with her. Arthur Miller shows Danforth’s anger by using lots of exclamation marks after Danforth’s speech. Danforth starts to ask lots of short curt questions very quickly. Elizabeth continues to stall and she starts to get very defensive of John. She says â€Å"Your honour I – in that time I were sick. And I – my husband is a good and righteous man†. This is a false build up; the audience believes Elizabeth is trying to portray John as a good man before she tells Danforth that he has committed lechery. This shows that she is edging towards telling the truth and that she still loves John because she is trying to save some of his dignity by saying good things about him. This false build up is ended when she starts to talk about things but before she finishes her sentence she changes to a different subject. At this point Elizabeth is equiverating and starts to struggle. Danforth ask Elizabeth outright â€Å"To you own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery!† Danforth’s anger is shown by not having a question mark just an exclamation mark. This is the climax of the play because Elizabeth now has to give a proper answer and the audience will find out what Elizabeth is going to say. Elizabeth answers (faintly)†No,sir† shows us that Elizabeth still loves John and we find out that John will be hanged, this stage action shows that she was reluctant to say no. After this John tells her to tell the truth and before the door is shut Elizabeth realises that she has done the wrong thing and says â€Å"Oh, god!† John’s fate is now sealed but he tries to protest but this has not effect on Sanford’s decision that John will be hanged.

Pathogenesis of Fluid Volume Excess in an Acute Exacerbation Chronic Heart Failure Patient Essay

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome of decreased tolerance and fluid retention due to structural heart disease. Despite much advancement in treatment of the treatment of heart failure, there still exists a high annual mortality. In normal situations, an increase in total blood volume results in an increase in renal levels of sodium and water excretion. These renal excretions are due to reflexes that help maintain normal body volume in increase of atrial pressure. Thus any atrial pressure increase results to a decreased release of antidiuretic hormone, an increased release of atrial natriuretic peptide and a decreased renal sympathetic tone. In contrast, when a patient has an acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure, the total blood volume does not affect renal excretion of sodium and water. Rather, due to either decreased or increased cardiac output, underfilling of the arterial circulation and systemic arterial vasodilation occurs. To compensate the change, total blood volume is increased by the expansion of blood volume in the venous circulation and the increased after-load (systemic vascular resistance). This results in an acute increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Pulmonary venous pressure and the acute increase in left ventricular end-diastolic leads to increased alveoli pressure which results to pulmonary congestion when the alveoli cells are overwhelmed. Further, the stimulated normal reflexes, as a result of increased atrial pressure, are affected by reflexes initiated in the high pressure arterial circulation. For example, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by increased arterial pressure to release angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts to help in reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubules. Glomerular filtration rate and excretion of water and sodium is also increased. This, however, is affected in acute heart failure by renal vasoconstriction and a reduction of sodium delivery to the distal nephron. Resulting in the release of arginine vasopressin, as a result of arterial undefilling, which increases plasma and urine osmolalities and leading to peripheral arterial vasoconstriction and water reabsorption in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct in the kidney, promoting hyponatremia. The Nitroglycerin and Angiotensin II receptor blockers strategies as Nursing strategies used to manage pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary oedema is the accumulation of excess watery fluids in the air sacs of the lungs and a common result of heart failure. The main objective in managing pulmonary oedema is to improve oxygenation and reduce pulmonary congestion. Two of the several managing strategies are use of Nitroglycerin (NTG) and Angiotensin II receptor blockers. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NTG) is an effective, predictable and rapidly-acting medication used for preload reduction. According to Sovari 2012, several studies have demonstrated the efficacy, safety and faster action onset of NTG than of furosemide or morphine sulfate. NTG can be sublingual, topical or intravenous. Sublingual is associated with preload reduction within 5 minutes and with some afterload reduction. Topical NTG, although as effective as sublingual NTG, should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular failure because of poor skin perfusion thus poor absorption. Intravenous NTG is an excellent monotherapy for patients with severe cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. It can be started with 10mcg/min and then rapidly uptitrated to more than100mcg/min. It can be given as 3 mg boluses every 5 minutes (Sovari, 2012). The short half-life of nitrates justifies the high dosage for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, especially with patients presenting a hyperadrenergic state and moderately elevated blood pressure. Nitrates, however, should be avoided in hypotensive patients and used with caution in cases of aortic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have comparable beneficial effects in heart failure. Studies have proposed a role for ARBs in preventing structural and electrical remodeling of the heart which reduced incidence of arrhuthmias. The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial showed that valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation by 37% (Sovari, 2012). The Mechanism of Furosemide Furosemide is a potent diuretic (water pill) that is used to eliminate water and salt from the body. Implications of administering Furosemide to a patient with an acute exacerbation of chronic heart Furosemide is often given in conjunction with a potassium supplement or a potassium-sparing diuretic to counteract potassium loss. The medication has a rapid onset of effect of about one hour when taken orally and five minutes by injection. Duration of action is about six hours so it is possible to use a twice daily dose if necessary. References Adams, K. F., Jr Fonarow,G.C.,Emerman,C.L. (2005). ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry Am Heart J, 149, 209-216. ADDIN EN.REFLIST Albert, N. M. (2012). Fluid Management Strategies in Heart Failure. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 32(2). ADDIN EN.REFLIST Cadnapaphornchai, M. A., Gurevich,A.K,Weinberger,H.D, Schrier,R.W. (2001). Pathophysiology of sodium and water retention in heart failure. Cardiology, 96, 122-131. Cotter, G., Felker,M.,Adams,K.F.,Milo-Cotter,O.,O’Connor,C.M. (2008). The pathophysiology of acute heart failure-is it all about fluid accumulation? Am Heart J, 155(1), 9-18. Nesto, R. W., DAVID BELL, ROBERT O. BONOW, VIVIAN FONSECA, SCOTT M. GRUNDY, EDWARD S. HORTON, et al. (JANUARY 2004). Thiazolidinedione Use, Fluid Retention,and Congestive Heart Failure. DIABETES CARE, 27(1). Packer, M., Coats,A.J.,Fowler,M.B.,. (2001). for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 344, 1651-1658. Sovari, A. (2012, February 1). Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema  Treatment & Management. Retrieved September 17, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-treatment#aw2aab6b6b3 WHO. (October 2013). Model List of EssentialMedicines†. World Health Organization. Source document